Winning Systems for
Accelerated Schools
Part 1
By Carl H. Peterson
Translated by Y.
Copyright 2000
|
加速学校
的成功制度
第一部分
卡尔. 彼德森
版权所有 2000
|
I'm no different than any other
parent or grandparent.
I worry about the potential
academic and social success
of my children and grandchildren.
I want to be sure they are given
the opportunity to develop
into well-rounded individuals.
I want to know they are
prepared to function as adults.
Crime statistics and articles
by nationally recognized educators
indicate that far too many
of our children
are doing a lot of losing.
According to these authorities
large groups of children have learned
to be failures
in our school systems.
Many continue failing as adults.
These national trends make me
concerned for the future
of my children and grandchildren.
In the mid-sixties I was introduced
to a number of professionals
with psychology backgrounds.
They were developing
positive methods
for instructing children.
Their classroom results
were very positive
and concrete.
Their students
enjoyed learning and living.
I wanted my own children
to enjoy as many successes
as did their students.
To help my children
I researched for proven
positive reinforcement concepts
and effective teaching methods.
The outcome was
the development of Winning Systems.
Winning Systems is a collection
of ideas and methods
that have survived
the test of time and accountability.
This book has been written
and rewritten
to share my conclusions.
It should be read by parents
and professionals who are concerned
about our children's development
and success.
My children
and thousands of students
have accomplished substantial
educational gains and improvement
in self-image through the use
of these Winning Systems.
-- Carl H. Peterson
----------------------
|
我与其他的父母和祖
父母没有什么不同。
我对我的子孙的教
育和社交的成功担心。
我想给他们提供
机会使他们成为
多采多姿的人。
我想知道他们是否
能够承担成人的义务。
从全美知名教育家
们的文章和统计表明
我们太多的孩子失败。
根椐这些专家的观点，
我们的
教育体制造成大
量的学生失败。
他们中的许多人
在成年期继续失败。
这种普遍的趋势使
我对我的子孙的未来担忧。
在六十年代，
我接触过一些心理学家。
他们开发了教育
学生的积极方法。
他们的教室成
果积极有效。
他们的学生喜
欢学习和生活。
我希望我的孩子也能够
像他们的学生
一样成功。
为了帮助我的孩子们，
我研究了许多行之
有效的教学方法。
这个结果就是
成功制度发明。
成功制度是建立在一系
列的经过时间验证的
可行的观点和方法。
这本书被写了又写来
与他人分享我的结论。
这是一本那些关
心我们的孩子成功
和发展的父母
必读的书。
我的孩子和其他上
千的学生们
通过运用成功制度，
他们的教育和提高
自我印象上取
得了显著的近步。
--卡尔.彼德森
---------------------- |
SOME DEFINITIONS
OF "WINNING"
-Positive feedback
that you have done the right thing.
-Measuring up
to someone's expectations.
-Completing a job correctly.
-Reading as well as the other kids.
-Knowing an answer.
-Knowing how to act.
-Saying the right thing.
-Being understood when you speak.
-Feeling prepared.
-Having friends.
-Having someone
appreciate your efforts.
-Being loved.
-Receiving attention.
-Learning the answer
to a problem.
Today's society gives great rewards
to students who meet its definition
of a winner.
Students are not
"born to win."
They are not "born to lose."
Students are taught
by their environment
to be winners or losers.
Children spend most of their time
at home or at school.
Parents can train their children
to succeed in these environments.
Thriving at home and at school
foreshadows success
in the work and social environments
of adult life.
-----------------------
|
一些与“成功”
有关的概念
-积极的回应
你做了件正确的事情。
-达到别人的期望。
-正确地完成一项工作。
-能象别的小孩读得一样好。
-知道答案
-知道如何行为。
-说正确的事
-别人能听懂你的话。
-感觉有准备。
-有朋友
-别人感激你的努力
-受别人爱
-让别人注意
-知道问题的答案
当今社会给那些能够达到成功标准的人以极大的回报。
学生们不是天生的成功者。
他们也不是天生的失败者。
学生们的成功和失败是他
们的环境造成的。
孩子们大部分的时间花在
家里或是在学校。
家长能够训练他们的孩子
在这些环境里成功。
学生们在家庭和学校
的努力结果
暗示他们能否在成年人的工作和社交环境下成功。
---------------------------
|
PARENTS WANT WINNING
CHILDREN
Government statistics and many
parents' personal experience
show that too many of our children
are doing a lot of losing.
WHAT HAS GONE WRONG?
Times have changed
more rapidly and drastically
than anyone thought possible.
Educational and motivational systems
have not improved.
The consequence is
that too many
of our children are losing.
The first half of this century
showed us the incredible progress
that could be made in
scientific innovation and discovery.
Most of us were certain
that our society and schools
would also improve
at a similarly rapid rate.
They did not.
Our society had to drop
old customs and restraints
to accommodate the new technologies.
Mobility created disturbing problems
concerning the control and education
of our students.
Experts of the times
have been given liberal access
to the dramatically expanding
book publishing and media available.
The experts suggested
many carefully considered solutions.
This included the idea that
schools and other public facilities
should take a larger role
in the training of our students.
It hasn't worked!
For several decades
we sat back and watched
the persuasive media.
It presented new programs
that would surely be able to cope
with the increasing
level of problems.
But the problems were not solved.
Problems continued to increase.
Educational systems
have become larger and larger.
They have simply
become less and less effective.
Increasing quantities of students
have forced educational quality
to take a back seat.
Large groups of children
have learned to be failures
in our schools.
Expanded mental health facilities
and detention facilities
are clogged with case loads.
The old time punishment systems
haven't worked well
to control today's children.
Modern psychology has also
done little to improve
the national state of mind.
Permissiveness has been tried
and has failed miserably.
The mobile "nuclear family"
(one or two parents
living far away from relatives)
has limited means
for controlling children.
The result has been
an ever increasing number
of academic and social failures.
Far too many of these failing
children get involved in crime
and other desperate acts.
A great number of children
lack the necessary skills
to succeed in society.
It is no wonder
so many turn into
social parasites and criminals.
The solutions to many
of society's ills lies
within the control of the parents.
This process begins with parents
understanding their roles
as the educators of their children.
Parents need different conceptions
of the problems and causes.
Parents need solutions
that will really work.
Parents need to know
that the solution is
in their hands.
Parents need to know
what they can do to increase
their children's successes.
Parents need to know that
changing a few behaviors
can have a massive impact
on a student's self-image
High productivity
and high self-image
go hand in hand.
The "Winning Systems" emphasis is
to motivate short-term performance.
Performance behaviors that lead
to the end goal of a quality life.
After the short-term rewards
have been positively restructured
a student's behavior
and self-confidence will improve.
------------------------
|
家长想要他们的孩
子成功
根据政府的统计和许多家长
切身经验，
许许多多的孩子失败。
毛病出在哪里呢？
时代的变化出人意
料地迅速和激烈。
而教育的和激励体制还没有
改变和提高。
其结果是太多的孩子失败。
前半个世纪显示了我们能够在
科学发明和探索中取得
难以置信的近展。
我们中的大多数人肯定
我们的学校和社会也能够如此以迅速的改进。
但结果不是如此。
我们的社会必须摈弃旧传统和禁锢
来适应新的技术。
在对学生的控制和教育问题上，
易变性带来令人头痛的问题。
时代的专家们能够自由介入书籍的大量出版及媒体的发行。
这些专家们建议了许多经仔细思考的解决方案。
其中包括学校和其他公共系统
应积极承担起训练学生的角色。
但没有结果。
几十年来我们坐观那些有说服力的媒体宣传。
媒介为解决这个日益
严重的问题提供了许多新的计划。
但是问题仍然无法解决。
这些问题变得日益严重。
当今的教育系统已经
变得越来越庞大。
这些系统变得越来越无效。
日益增长的学生数量
迫使学校忽略教育质量。
这就造成大批的学生
失败。
精神病院和拘留所收
留的人越来越
多。
旧的惩罚系统在控制
今天的学生上起得作用不灵。
现代心理学在提高人们的信心上起到的作用甚微。
恣意纵容的办法被尝试并以失败告终。
流动性的核子家庭（单亲或两
父母与孩子单独住)
缺乏管制小孩的办法。
其结果就造成越来越多的
孩子在学校和社会的失败。
他们中越来越多的人
卷入犯罪和其他自暴自弃的行为。
大多数的孩子缺乏在现实
社会里成功的技能。
这就难怪这么多的孩子
变成罪犯和社会的寄生虫。
解答许多社会弊病的方法
还是取决于家长的
管制。
这个过程是从家长意识到
他们是孩子的老师为开始。
家长需要有区别问题和
原因的概念。
家长需要行之有效的答案。
家长同时必需知道他们手里有
解决问题的答案。
家长们必需知道如何帮助他们的孩子成功。
家长们必须知道点滴行为习惯的改变可以相当程度地影响学生的自我印象。
高效率和良好的自我印象
是相辅相成的。
成功系统强调即时激励。
表现哪些可导致达到高品质生活的最高目标的行为。
经过即时回报，
学生的行为和自信心会提高。
--------------------------
|
FAILURE BREEDS FAILURE
SUCCESS BREEDS SUCCESS
The solutions in these chapters
are not speculations
about what might work
to solve problems.
These chapters were written
long after the methods
were proven successful.
Proven by consistent success
with thousands of students
since 1964.
The methods are adapted
from thoughtfully proposed
and validated concepts
by developmental psychologists
and teachers worldwide.
There are thousands of other
reward and contract systems
that have worked well
for their designers.
Some of the professionals
who have contributed
to my knowledge are listed
in the bibliography.
As the Supervising Counselor
for so many families I admit
to a strong bias in favor
of these validated methods.
------------------------
|
失败产生失败；
成功孕育成功
这本书所提供的不是
一些投机性的解决
问题的方案。
这些章节是在
那些方法被证明
成功以后所写的。
自从一九六四年，
这些方法被成千上万的
学生证明行之有效。
这些方法是从世界上有名
的心理学家和大量的
教师行经有效的方法概
念中提取出来的。
专家和老师创造了
其他许多的
奖励合约制度。
那些对本书出
过贡献的专
家和学者已经列入了
参考书目。
作为许多家庭的
执导顾问，
我对这些行之有效的方法
十分偏爱。
------------------------
|
KEY CONCEPTS
There is already
an operating reward system
in every home.
Children repeat undesirable
behaviors because
of the rewards they receive.
This book will help you understand
how these rewards for behavior
train your children
to use undesirable as well as
desirable behaviors.
You'll understand why
some reward systems work poorly
or even backfire on the parents.
"Winning Systems"
are proven methods
that restack your family rewards
on the side of desirable behaviors.
High performance will
dramatically improve both
your child's self-image
and opportunities for success.
---------------------- |
重要的概念
各家各户都有自己的
有效的奖励系统。
孩子们重复不符心愿的行为
是因为他们所得的不适当的奖励。
本书将帮助你理解
如何用奖励去训练你孩子可取的
行为和不可取的行为。
你会理解为什么一些奖励制度效果很糟糕
甚至给家长惹麻烦。
成功制度是用被证明有效的
办法用以重建你们家庭的奖励系统从而引导可取的行为。
良好的行为表现会大大地提
高你孩子的自我印象
和成功的机会。
----------------- |
PARENTS HAVE MISUNDERSTOOD
THE REWARDS FOR PERFORMING
UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIORS
Every home uses a reward system
even if it is unintentional.
The question is whether
the reward system is working
for or against the parent.
Explanations.
Lazy or disruptive children
are immediately rewarded
by the chance
to avoid work.
It is rewarding to avoid
failure and comparison.
Some students act bored or
disinterested in school.
A primary motivator
in our society
is to avoid failure.
In the process of avoiding failure
students also discover
they can avoid work.
The result is you have
two strong reasons for laziness
and other unacceptable behaviors.
---------------------------
|
家长经常只对孩子
不可取的行为进行惩罚。
每个家庭都有意无意地使用奖惩。
问题是这种奖惩是否起作用。
解释
懒惰的和捣乱的孩子会因为不
作功课而受到及时的惩罚。
这就避免了失败和比较。
有些学生对学校感到无聊和
无趣。
避免失败是我们社会的主要动力。
在这个避免失败的过程中，
学生们同时也发现他们可以
逃避学习。
其结果是你知道导致学生
懒惰和其它不可取
行为的两个重要原因。
-------------------------
|
DROPPING OUT.
Dropping out of school means
the child may drop
out of everything.
The child is going
down the drain.
This severely limits
the child's choices
of life styles and opportunities.
Children live up
to their parents'
expectations of them.
Expect your child
to be a loser
and the child will be a loser.
Allow your child
to be a loser
and you will be the loser.
BEING LAZY IS A LEARNED BEHAVIOR.
Parents must turn the game around
and restack the rewards
on the side of good performance.
You can change your
child's behavior
by changing your behavior.
---------------------
|
中途退学
中途退学意味着学生可能
停止参加一切活动。
孩子将会荒废一切。
这严重地限制孩子们
对生活方式的选择和获得机遇。
孩子们做到他们父母对他们所
期望的。
指望你的孩子是一个失败者，
他（她）就会变成一个失败者。
允许你的孩子成为失败者，
你将是一个失败者。
懒惰是后天的行为。
家长必须扭转这个局面，
重新建立一个能取得
好结果的奖惩制度。
通过改变你的行为
而改变你孩子的行为。
--------------------
|
THERE IS MUCH
THE PARENT CAN DO.
You have power over any child
that gets money or gifts
from you.
If you want your child
to succeed you must
take the responsibility
to motivate your child.
You are an adult and can see
the long-term value
of appropriate behaviors.
Your child only sees
what is immediately valuable.
Faced with a task the child
will only do what is expedient
unless there are valuable
short term rewards
for which to work.
-----------------------
|
家长可以做
许多的事。
控制你孩子的零花钱
和礼物从而控制你的孩子。
假如你想要你的孩子成功，
你必须担当起鼓励孩子的责任。
你是一个成年人；
你能看到适当行为的长远价值。
你的孩子只能看到眼前的
价值。
孩子只会选择便利
并有及时回报的任
务去做。
-------------------
|
CHANGE THE BALANCE
OF APPROVAL/DISAPPROVAL.
You can improve the relationship
with your child and improve your
child's behavior.
Make a positive daily review
of your children's good behaviors.
Socially reward what you like.
Limit attention
for what you dislike.
A successful motivation system
makes more rewards available
for "good" or "desirable" behavior
than bad or undesirable behavior.
------------------------
|
改变同意/不同意的平衡。
你能改善与你孩子的关系
并且提高孩子的行为。
每日对你孩子好的行
为做极积的总结。
奖励他好的行为。
降低对他的不好
行为的注意力。
一个好的奖励
制度提高好的
或受欢迎的行为，
而减低坏的或不
受欢迎的行为。
-------------------
|
REINFORCEMENT WORKS
All of us need reinforcement
or approval in our lives.
Failing to get reinforcement
by normal or acceptable means
we will get it by unusual means.
Only a few unusual behaviors
are considered acceptable
by our conformist society.
The child using unusual behaviors
to get reinforcement
is often excluded from many
kinds of social acceptance.
The child excluded
from desirable social acceptance
has no real choice in life.
Children try to defend
their self-image.
The child tries
to outweigh the losing
by one means or another.
What the child tries
may be even less acceptable.
The child may try
to throw the responsibility
for negative actions
on others.
A child may get others
to use bad behavior.
The child may provoke
the mother to nag
or the father to threaten.
This evens the score temporarily
as far as the child is concerned
but in the long term
the child loses.
The adult will further limit
positive attention.
The more punitive or unrewarding
the environment
the more desperate the child is
for acceptance.
To get recognition
the child tries
various kinds of behavior
including good behavior.
Most desirable behaviors
are quiet and unobtrusive.
Good behavior is often taken
for granted.
Parents are usually grateful
for a little peace and quiet.
Parents may not notice
and reinforce good behavior
as frequently as bad behavior.
Even the most unacceptable
delinquents or felons
exhibit good behavior
80 to 90% of the time.
Why do we consistently
catch them doing wrong?
1.
We have been trained
by our environment and culture
to be punitive.
2.
We are afraid to reward
for good behavior because we
may be accused of bribery.
3.
Many undesirable behaviors
are noisy and threatening
so are usually noticed immediately.
4.
We take good behavior
for granted.
We provide our children
with homes and food.
Don't they owe us
something?
5.
The child who has a long pattern
of misbehaving does try
to conform in every way possible.
After conforming 90% of the day
and getting little reinforcement
the child reverts to unacceptable
acts that get attention.
6.
The reward of immediate attention
after a bad behavior may increase
the frequency of the bad behavior.
Now bad behavior pays better
than good behavior.
--------------------------
|
反复加强的作用
在生活中我们都需要被
认可或者被赞成。
不能通过正常的
方式取得认可，
我们就会从不正常
的方式中取得。
只有很少的例外的行为被
我们这个常规的社会接受。
孩子利用不同寻常的
行为来取得认可，
这常常被社会排斥。
受社会排斥的孩子在
现实社会中没有
真正的选择。
孩子常常维护其自我形象。
他们尝试一个又一个的方法
来摆脱失败的局面。
所有他所尝试的方法
可能更加难以为社会接受。
他会采取一些增加别人的负担的消极的行为。
他可能教会别的小孩同样的坏的举止。
他的行为可能引起母亲的
唠叨和父亲的恼怒。
短期来说， 他似乎打平局了，
但从长远来看，
他还是输了。
成年人会限制积极的注意力。
越是在惩罚性的或无制约的环境下，
孩子越会拚命地寻求社会的接受。
为了得到社会的承认，
他会表现各种行为其中包括好的
行为。
最受欢迎的行为常常不为人注意。
好的行为经常被视作理所当然。
家长们常希望宁静。
家长们通常对好行为的注意不如对坏行为的注意多。
即使是那些最让人不可接受的
少年犯在百分之八十到九十的
时间里表现好的行为。
为什么我们经常发现他们
干坏事？
1.我们已经被我们的环境和文
化训练成为制发人的人了。
2.
我们顾忌奖励好的行为因为
不愿被人指责有意偏瘫。
3.
许多的不受欢迎的行为是
吵闹的并具有威胁性的，所以
通常立刻就被注意到了。
4.
我们对好的行为不以为然。
我们对孩子们提供吃的住的。
难道他们不欠我们吗？
5.
长期不守规矩的小孩
想尽各种途径要求上进。
在化了百分之九十的精力试图做好得到的却是甚微的注意力，
很自然孩子便回到从前的不良举止以吸引更多的注意力。
6.
我们对孩子的不良举止所做出的立即反应只能增加该举止的频率。
坏表现比好表现得到更多的回
报。
-------------
|
THE BASIC RULE OF THE
"WINNING SYSTEMS".
What happens immediately
after a behavior
determines whether or not
it will be repeated.
Unless parents are very careful
they will find themselves
reinforcing unacceptable behavior
rather than acceptable behavior.
For example:
A quick verbal response
even if critical
is usually a reinforcer.
Winning Systems outlines
practical methods to counteract
the strong reinforcers
for unacceptable behavior.
----------------------------
|
成功制度的基本原则。
对一种行为所做出的及时反应常常决定这种行为是否会被重复。
除非家长们非常小心否则他们会
发现自己在支持孩子的坏行为
而不是在支持孩子的好行为。
例如：
一个快速的口头警告甚至
严重责备经常起到
一个强调作用。
在如何对待不良举止的问题上成功制度概括了一些实用的
方法
------------------
|
SCHOOL HOMEWORK
NAG & HASSLE
Controlling homework
is one of the most difficult tasks
faced by parents.
Homework is a minimal
but important obligation.
Homework can upset a family's
equilibrium and widen the gap
between parent and child.
How many times have you as a parent
participated in the following
conversations?
"Have you done your homework?"
"I already did it in school."
"Have you done your homework?"
"In a minute, mom."
"I need a sandwich."
"Have you done your homework yet?"
"But mom,
it is almost supper time."
"Do your homework."
"As soon as this program is over."
"Go do your homework - now!"
"I'm in training and
I have to be in bed by nine."
"I'll do it in study hall."
It seems that many young people
subscribe to the philosophy
"never do today what
you can put off until tomorrow."
There are many reasons
why children don't do homework.
-The child may not have been taught
to do extra work for school.
-The child may have learned early
that short term rewards are given
regardless of study.
-The child is included
in family activities
like movies or weekend trips
with or without studying.
-There are too many school
activities or sports
that compete
for study time.
-The child is not academically ready
for the work that is assigned.
-The child consistently forgets
to bring the work home.
-After tv and play
there is no time left
to do homework.
-The child hasn't been taught
proper study methods.
-The child may study too slowly.
------------------------------
|
家庭作业
唠叨和激烈争论
控制家庭作业是家长所要面
临的最困难的任务之一。
家庭作业是学生的所要承担的最低的但却重要的责任。
家庭作业能破坏一个家庭的
平衡并且增加父母孩子之间
的隔阂。
作为一个家长，你和你的孩子进行过多少次如下的谈话？
“你做了功课吗？”
“我在学校里就做完了。”
“你做了功课吗？”
“一会儿就做，妈.”
“我要吃一个三明治。”
“你还没有做你的功课吗？”
“可是，妈，现在差不多是吃
晚餐的时间了.”
“你做了功课吗？”
“等我一看完这个电视节目，
我就开始做功课。”
“去做你的功课—现在就去！”
“我在受训期间，必须在九点钟
以前睡觉。”
“我会在学校里做。”
似乎许多年轻人运用
这样一种哲学：“能拖到明天的就明天做。”
学生不做家庭作业是有许多
原因的。
-其中之一，
没人教导孩子做额外的功课。
-学生可能从小就养成了这种
认识：不管努力还是不努力
学习，他都能获得奖励。
-不管孩子学习还是不学习，他
们的家长都会带他们去看电影
和周末的郊游。
-过多的学校活动和
体育运动在与学生的学习
时间竞争。
-学生没有能力完成学校分配给他们的功课。
-学生经常忘记把功课带
回家。
-在看完电视和做完游戏后
再没有时间做功课了。
-学生还没有被教会适当的
学习方法。
-学生的学习步伐可能太缓慢。
---------------------
|
WHY SOME TEACHERS
DON'T ASSIGN HOMEWORK.
-Many students
don't do their homework.
Many teachers do not want
to ask for something
they rarely get.
Teachers can feel
that it is futile
to assign homework
that is never completed.
-A few schools believe students
have worked hard enough
and should be allowed time
of their own after school.
I simply disagree
for several reasons.
-One or two hours of homework
leaves plenty of time
for play and sports.
-Students will lose many chances
to "win" if they don't
do supplemental work.
-Homework and independent study
may be the student's most
productive time.
-Some teachers and schools
do not want parents teaching their
students for fear
of conflicting teaching methods.
I also believe some parents
should limit their "teaching".
Parents can make sure
they don't conflict
by discussing the curriculum
with the teacher.
Some teachers don't want
some parents
to supervise homework?
Many teachers believe
that too much parental tutoring
might train students
to be dependent on personal attention.
I agree this can be
a serious problem.
Parents should concentrate
their time on simply
observing and rewarding
the quantity
of their children's work.
Parents can listen
without criticism
to a brief "tell-back"
on material being studied.
--------------------
|
为什么有些教师
不布置家庭作业？
-许多学生不做家庭作业。
许多教师不想布置了作业
却又收不回来。
这些教师觉得没有必要
布置了作业
学生却不完成。
个别的学校认为他们的学生
在学校里已经够努力了，
应该允许学生掌握自己的
校外时间。
我根本就不同意这种看法
因为以下的几个原因。
-一两个小时的家庭作业给
学生留下足够的时间玩耍
和体育活动。
-学生将会失去许多的成功
机会假如他们不作补充的作业。
-家庭作业和独立学习可能是学生
最有收效的学习时间。
-一些教师和学校不
希望家长的教学方法
与他们的相抵触。
我也同意有些家长应该限制他们
所谓的家庭教学。
家长应确保不在与教师
讨论教学大纲问题上发生冲突。
是不是有些教师不希望家长
参与指导学生的家庭
作业呢？
许多的教师认为太多的家长辅导
可能会养成学生对家长的依赖性。
我也认为这是一个严重的问题。
家长应该把精力集中在观察和奖励
学生功课质量上。
家长可以倾听学生对所
学内容作出的概括而不横架批评。
威胁和惩罚会导致失败
许多家长使用一个惩罚系统。
“马上做你的功课，
不然的话
你是自找麻烦。”
-------------------------
|
THREATS AND
PUNISHMENT FAIL
Many parents use a threat system.
"Do it now or you'll really
catch it from me."
If the threat doesn't materialize,
why should the student worry?
Words don't hurt the body.
The child can still
satisfy more immediate desires.
Tomorrow is a long way away.
Q.
What if the suggested punishments
do materialize?
A.
When threats are delivered
children are in no emotional state
to study constructively.
A.
The student may grow
to despise homework
because of its constant association
with unpleasantness.
-------------------------
|
假如家长的威胁
不能产生效果，
为什么学生会担心呢？
语言威胁。
小孩仍然做他乐意的事。
明天还十分遥远。
问：
假如家长的口头惩罚的确产生
效果，情况会怎么样呢？
答：
当家长威胁孩子时，孩子们不会有好的心境来学习。
答：
学生可能会久而久之地讨厌起家庭作业因为家庭作业带来的只是不愉快。
----------------------------
|
LONG TERM REWARDS FAIL
Some parents resort
to an ineffective
long-term reward system.
"Do your homework every night
for 3 weeks and we'll see about
getting you a new tennis racket."
One weakness in using
long-term rewards
is a child's
perception of time.
One week or the end of the quarter
seems like forever to a child.
A child can rarely think
in long-range terms.
After a day or two the lure
of the prize will be less than
that of an immediate T.V. program.
----------------------
|
长远的奖励失败
有些家长依靠一个无效的
长远的奖励制度。
“如果你能够坚持每晚做家庭作业
三个星期，
我们会想办法给你买一付新的网球拍”
使用长期奖励的一个弱点是学
生对时间的看法。
一个星期或者三个月对孩子
来说似乎是永恒的。
小孩很少从长远想事情。
一两天之后，对他们来说长远的奖励似乎不如眼前的电视节目
有诱惑力。
---------------------
|
REASONING OFTEN FAILS
"You know how important
your education is."
Don't you think you
should do your homework?"
Reasoning with a child
about homework
may not work either.
The child perceives reality
in short range terms.
The future is a long way off.
PUNISHMENT AND REASONING
DON'T WORK
---------------------
|
分析道理往往不起作用
“你明白你的教育是十分重要的”
你不觉得你应该做家庭作业
吗？
与孩子分析家庭作业的重要性
可能也不起作用。
学生只能从短期的角度来理解
现实。
未来还十分遥远。
惩罚和讲道理不起作用
-----------------------
|
WHAT DOES WORK?
Q.
How can parents convince
their children to do homework?
A.
The short term rewards
of the "Winning System" work.
The Winning System works
because it is based on
consistent and immediate rewards.
It rewards positive behavior
and academic work.
Parents use a proven contract
whereby privileges and money
are contingent upon performance.
Each reward for your child
is given a certain value
and so is each task.
The reward and task values
are measured on a point system.
The child learns important facts.
There are certain
responsibilities attached
to being a member of the family.
The world does not provide
for all of a person's
wants and needs unless
something is done first.
Academic performance
pays immediately.
The "Winning System" has been
tried and proven in action.
Parents like it
and the kids like it.
It eases the emotional stress
on the parents.
It helps children feel
that they are real people.
--------------------
|
什么起作用呢？问：
家长怎么样才能说服学生做
家庭作业呢？
答：
成功制度的短期奖励起作用。
成功制度起作用的原因是
它是建立在不间断和
及时回报的奖励基础上。
它鼓励好的行为和成绩。
家长采用经证明有效的与表现紧密联系的合同制来决定孩子的特权和零用钱。
每一份作业和孩子的奖励都具有一定的价值。
奖励和作业的价值是用十分制
系统来衡量的。
学生学习重要的事件。
每个家庭成员都具有一定的
责任。
只有通过努力，
才能获得一个人希望拥有的一切。
好的成绩有即使的回报。
成功制度已被实践证明有效。
家长喜欢它，
孩子们也喜欢它。
它减轻家长的精神压力。
它帮助孩子们意识到他们是
真正的人。
--------------------- |
THE CASE for
INDEPENDENT STUDY
Motivating and controlling
this one aspect
of your child's life
will do more than almost
anything else you can do.
You can positively make sure
your child has
a successful life experience.
Consider the people you have known
over the years
who went on to do well in life.
Probably over 95%
of the ones we call successful
were good readers
or did supplemental reading.
These people acquired
an extra store of knowledge
and have an advantage over others.
Our society rewards people
with the independent study habit.
STUDENTS WHO STUDY
GET THE BEST REWARDS
Students who do independent study
are bombarded with good grades
and social acceptance.
Recognition by teachers
and administrators leads
to awards and scholarships.
Many of these students
are rewarded with acceptance
to the best colleges and jobs.
Academic performance earns
high-level social opportunities.
We all know many children
who did not do well in school.
Probably 90% did not
do their homework
or extra reading.
Their knowledge bank and ability
to increase their knowledge
were limited.
Most of them achieved limited
social and financial success.
-------------------
MOTIVATING CHILDREN
TO DO THE RIGHT THING
AT THE RIGHT TIME
The "Winning System" is designed
to get reading
and study habits going.
Start the system
by rewarding your child
for each fifteen minutes
of homework or writing.
In cash.
Every day.
The child soon learns
that income can be increased
by increasing study time.
The money can be exchanged
for items the child selects
as a reward.
The rewards for homework and study
should comprise at least two thirds
of the rewards the child receives
from all sources.
Reward management should continue
for as long as the student
lives in your home.
Beware!
Caution!
If the child receives
too many "gifts"
the effects of the reward system
will be negated.
--------------------------
|
独立学习的事项
鼓励和监督学生
自学对学生
的生活有巨
大的影响。
由此你可以确保你
孩子会有一个
成功的生活。
想一想你所认识
的那些成功人士。
其中百分之九十
五以上的成功者是
善于阅读的，
并且做了大量的阅读。
这些人掌握了大量的知识，
他们比一般人有
许多有利之处。
我们的社会奖
励那些有自学
习惯的人。
那些努力学习的学生
得到最好的报酬。
那些能自学的学生
常常取得好成绩以及
社会的认可。
教师和学校的重视使
他们受到更多的鼓
励和奖学金。
他们当中的许多人
被最好的学校收录或
是最好的公司录用。
学术成绩给他们提供
更多的融入上流社会的机会。
我们都知道许多的孩
子在学校里学得不好。
其中百分子九十的学生不
做家庭作业或者不
做额外阅读。
他们的知识面有限，
他们增长知识的
能力也有限。
----------------------
他们中的许多人
不能取得社会的
和经济上的成功。
鼓励学生要适时，
得体成功制度是用来建
立正确的学习方法
和阅读习惯。
每隔十五分钟的
家庭作业或写作，
家长奖励。
现金。
每日。
学生很快就发现
增加学习时间能
提高收入。
这些钱可以用来交换
学生选中的物品。
家庭作业和学习的奖励
应该至少占孩子所能收
到的所有奖励的二分之三。
只要孩子住在家里一天，
家长就应该不间
断这种奖励。
当心！
注意！
假如学生获得
太多的礼物，
奖励制度的效果可
能就失灵了。
---------------------
|
FALLING BEHIND
Supplemental Study
is imperative
for any student
who has fallen
below grade level.
Any of the following factors
can cause a student
to fall behind.
-Changes of teachers and schools.
-Emotional distractions from
divorce and family upsets.
-Competition with siblings.
-A minor learning disability.
-In most cases
the student learns to avoid trying
to read or study.
The student learns avoidance
because it pays off right away.
-The student learns
to avoid trying
because trying can lead
to failing.
-By not trying
the student gets to goof off.
-------------------------
|
落后
对那些落后生而
言补课是绝对
必要的。
任何以下的因素都可
能造成学生的
落后。
-换教师，换学校。
-由于父母离婚和其他家庭纠纷所造成感情上的分心。
-兄弟姐妹之间的竞争。
-有轻微学习障碍。
-在多数的情况下，
学生想办法
回避读书和学习。
学生学会回避学习因为能收到及时的注意力。
-学生学会回避努力因为他们认为
努力可能导致失败。
-学生不努力的结果就是混日子。
---------------------
|
EARLY PROBLEMS
CREATE DISASTER
Some students fail to master
important concepts and skills
essential to continued progress.
During the early years
they SEEM to keep trying.
This is because trying
is the acceptable behavior.
Without success the student
will eventually stop trying
and avoid learning.
The student will try
to hide the problem.
Students don't want
to be classified
as "dumb" or "slow."
The student may learn
to act "lazy" or "stupid."
Some act "learning disabled"
or "retarded."
These behaviors pay off
in several ways:
The student doesn't have
to work and is allowed
to play or just sit.
The student can avoid failure
by not trying.
---------------------
|
早期的问题造成不幸
一些学生不能够掌握进一步深造所需的重要概念和技能。
在年幼时，
他们似乎不断地尝试和努力。
这是因为努力是受人欢迎的行为。
可是由于缺乏成功，
学生最终放弃努力
并且回避学习。
学生同时会想办法隐瞒问题。
学生不想被别人称为傻瓜或弱智。
学生可能想学会装懒和表现愚蠢。
某些学生假装有学习
障碍或智力迟钝。
这些学生从中得到如下的满足：
学生因此光坐着不干
活而且还可以玩。
这样可以避免失败的可能。
---------------------
|
FAILING STUDENTS
CAN SUCCEED
Use the following procedures.
-Special accelerated instruction
to eliminate their weaknesses.
-Special motivation programs
to keep them studying
once they
are at grade level or above.
-Extra reading
and writing assignments.
They have missed out on
one or several years of reading.
They must read or listen
to extra books to make up
for comprehension deficits.
They need the ability
to understand and absorb
new information and concepts.
Q.
Is it your responsibility
to help your children raise
their grades?
Let's understand one thing.
Parents and teachers
must lead the way
for their children.
Parents of successful students
make sure their children
do their homework.
They must do this until the child
is mature enough
to see how homework relates
to life's goals.
We simply cannot count
on students doing work
because they "owe" it
to us.
Children must understand
the benefits of a good education
and the consequences
of a limited education.
-----------------------------
|
落后的学生能够成功。
使用以下步骤。
-特别的强化指导可以消除他们
的弱点。
-特别的激励计划可使他们不断
地学习提高。
-额外的阅读和写作练习。
学生已经荒废了几年的阅读。
他们必须听，读额外的书籍
来弥补理解能力上的缺陷。
他们需要理解和吸收新信息和
观念的能力。
问
提高学生的成绩是不是家长的
责任呢？
我们应该理解一件事情。
家长和老师必须领导学生到正
确的道路上。
那些成功的学生的家长保证学生
完成家庭作业。
家长必须坚持督促
直到孩子自觉意识到
家庭作业与他们的生活
目标是相互联系的。
我们不能认为学生做作业
是因为他们欠我们的。
学生必须理解良
好的教育所带来
的利益和有限的教
育所带来的后果。
---------------------
|
THINKING AND
COMPREHENSION SKILLS
Comprehension is not obtained
from one page out of a book.
It is a combination
of all the knowledge
you have accumulated
from all learning experiences.
This includes the books
you have read and the TV
you have watched.
You have also learned
from working experiences
and personal interaction.
People who read can access
a wealth of information
at incredible speeds.
Reading allows opportunities
that are not available
to the non-reader.
Poor readers will continue
to have poor comprehension
until they have read or listened
to a large number of books.
Good students continue
reading and studying
at their normal rate.
This multiplies their
advantage over time.
Comprehension improves
WHEN the mind has had the chance
to process more information
Comprehension improves
as the mind is exposed
to books and experiences.
To catch up and be competitive
a poor student must supplement
school work with supervised
independent study and reading.
The student can make up
the knowledge deficit
by reading or listening
to extra books.
The student can turn in extra
papers and projects.
Extra work earns
the fantastic social rewards
above average students receive.
-----------------------
PREVENTING DROPOUTS
Newspapers and magazines
continually talk about
the high drop out rates
in junior high and high school.
I'm sure that the primary reasons
for dropping out
are basic skill deficits
and poor study habits.
Parents can train their children
by setting up a "Winning System"
for independent study.
The most important gift
parents can give their children
is the habit of reading or studying
each day of their lives.
Parents can easily
control study behavior
because they control the rewards
their children receive.
They can make sure
time is spent reading books.
They can help plan
independent study projects
if no homework
is assigned at school.
Parents can supervise
book reports and short papers
which may later be handed in
for extra credit.
Parents can integrate
multiple forms of media
into independent study projects.
Parents can stimulate
commentary and discussion
on the material studied.
Extra reading and discussion
will build speaking skills.
The book reports and papers
will develop organizing
and writing skills.
Your child must practice
the presentation skills
of writing and speaking.
It is the only way
to gain the approval
of educators and peers.
--------------------------
|
思考和理解的技能
理解力是无法从一本
书的一页纸中取得的。
它是你所有的学习
经历的总结。
这包括你所读过的
书和你所看过的
电视。
还有你在工作中和与
人交往中学到的经验。
那些善于阅读的人能
够以惊人的速度
吸取丰富的知识。
阅读给予阅读者
许多非阅读者
得不到的机会。
只有通过听读大量的书籍
阅读能力差的人才能
提高他们的理解能力。
好的学生会继续作他
们常规的阅读和学习。
随着时间推移这就使
他们更具优势。
大脑处理信息越多
理解力就一次次的增强。
理解力的提高是
与大脑和书本的
接触和经历相联系的。
学习差的学生必
须利用有监督的自
和阅读才能赶上其他学生，
才能有竞争力。
学生能够通过读
和听额外的书籍
来弥补他们知识
上的缺陷。
这些学生可以上
缴额外的作业。
额外的作业可以使学
生收到普通学生
所没有的奖励。
-------------------
防止中途退学
报纸和杂志经常
谈到初中和高中
有很高的退学率。
我相信其中的主要
原因是学生缺乏基
本的学习技能和
坏的学习习惯。
家长能够使用成
功制度来训练他们
的孩子自学。
使学生养成每日
阅读和学习的习惯
是家长能够给与学
生的最好的礼物。
家长能够通过控制
孩子的奖品来控制
学生的学习行为。
家长能够确保学生把
时间花在阅读书籍上。
在没有家庭作业的情况下，
家长可以帮助学
生设计独立的学
习计划。
家长可以监督学生
做一些读书报告和
短篇作文，学生可
以上交这些作业
来得到附加分。
家长能够运用多种
媒介形式到学生的
独立学习的计划上。
家长能够促进学生
对学习材料的评
论和讨论。
额外的阅读和讨论
能提高学生的
谈话能力。
读书报告和作文可以
发展学生的组织
和写作能力。
你的孩子必须练习说
写的公开表达能力。
这是学生唯一的得
到老师和同学的
承认方法。
---------------------
|
CONTINUING REWARDS
It is important to reward
reading and studying
so long as your child
lives in your home.
Very few poor readers really learn
to enjoy reading.
It continues to be a chore
and something to avoid
unless there is a specific
reason for reading.
If you continue the "Winning System"
until your child leaves home
you will know
that your child has read.
You will know your child
developed better comprehension
and decision making skills.
Your child will know methods
for learning new material
for colleges or new jobs.
"But I'm not sure
my child will want
to go on
to higher education."
This is all the more reason
for you to supervise
a reading and study program.
Your child must know
how to learn when confronted
with the need for information.
-----------------------
|
连续的奖励
只要学生在家里住一天，
就应奖励学生的阅读和学习。
非常少的差的阅读者真正地
喜欢阅读。
除非他们有特别的理由去阅读，
否则他们会想尽办法
不断地回避读书。
假如你一直使用成功制度直到
你的孩子离家自立，
那时你会发现你的孩子能够阅读。
你会知道你的孩子已经养成了较好的理解和作决定的技能。
你的小孩会掌握学习大学课程和工作材料的方法。
“但是我不知道我的孩子是否
想上大学？”
这就是你要监督学生阅读和学习的主要原因。
你的孩子必须知道如何学习和查找 资料。
---------------------
|
NOT PLANNING COLLEGE?
If a student isn't planning
to go to college
the parents must make sure
the student is capable
of self education.
Students who have no interest
in continuing their education
must be taught
to educate themselves.
The day is long past
where a person could
expect to work
in one trade for life.
Statistics show that most people
have a job change
every two or three years.
The job change usually requires
substantial new learning
and retraining.
---------------------
TERMINAL TRACKING
Terminally tracking a student
who is a poor reader
into low level vocational training
creates many problems.
-Poor readers are usually slow
to understand or comprehend
the new material
that must be mastered.
-A limited reading background
severely reduces
decision making ability.
It takes much longer
to reach each new level.
-Limited reading background
limits understanding and tolerance
of other people's ideas.
-Poor learners may be excluded from
many unions and vocational schools.
The learning skills required
are too difficult.
-Many vocational schools
require higher reading ability
than some local colleges.
The poor reader
needs special help
with reading and must be trained
in self education skills.
This is the only way
to meet the requirements
for jobs the student
will want to hold.
-------------------
PARENT ANXIETY
All parents
of underachieving students
have feelings
of anxiety and frustration.
They do not understand
the problem or the solutions.
Both the problem
and the solutions mystify them.
They are justly concerned
for their children's welfare.
Parents should not blame themselves
or the schools
for a student's handicap.
Once they recognize there
is a problem parents should proceed
with specific remedies.
-------------------------
|
不打算上大学？
假如学生不准备上大学，
家长必须保证学生具
有自学的能力。
不愿进大学的学生必须
有自学的能力。
那种一技之长可以
维持一生的
日子已过。
统计表明，
大多数的人每两三年
换一次工作。
换工作常常要求大量
新的知识和培训。
--------------------------
定期检查
在低级的职业训练中定期检查一个阅读能力差的学生会导致许多的问题。
-阅读差的人常常对那些必须
熟练掌握的新材料理解和吸收得
很慢。
-阅读面窄会严重地影
响一个人的决定能力。
一个人要花很长的时间才能把
他的阅读水平提高到一个新的
标准上去。
-阅读面窄也会影响一个人对其他人的观念的理解和接纳。
-许多团体和职业学校排斥学习能力差的人。
对他们来说，
所必需的学习技能太困难了。
-许多职业学校对学生的阅
读能力的要求比一些普通
大学高。
阅读差的学生需要
在阅读和自学
能力上受特别的训练。
只有这样学生才能满足
工作的要求。
----------------------
家长的忧郁
学习成绩不良的学
生家长都有
忧郁和挫折的感觉。
他们找不到问
题和答案。
寻找问题和答案使他
们感到困惑。
他们对孩子的幸福的担心是
完全可以理解的。
家长不因该为学生的
学习上的缺陷
而埋怨自己或者学校。
一旦发现问题，
家长应该针对
性地解决。
---------------------
|
MAKE SURE
CHILDREN WIN
Parents must solve
the problem themselves
regardless of the original cause.
Parents should not expect more help
from the schools and social agencies.
Schools only see a student
for 6 or 7 hours a day.
School hours are usually divided up
between 3 to 8 different teachers.
Teachers in most districts
change every year
as the student advances.
There is no way
these various teachers can provide
the close support necessary
to insure each student's success.
Parents control the other 17 or
18 hours of the day.
Parents can use those hours
to teach their children
correct behaviors.
Parents must teach their children
to be winners or environments
may teach them to be losers.
Parents need a new concept
of today's problems and solutions
that will really work.
Parents need an understanding
of the complex difficulties
facing young learners.
One major problem is societal change
and what that has done
to communication and learning.
Today's students have so
many ways to spend their time.
Academics are often not
their primary focus.
Television and sports activities
have interfered
with the development
of communication skills.
Children are offered activities
ranging from athletics
to the idle viewing of MTV.
It's no surprise that children
will often choose another activity
over studying.
----------------------
|
保证孩子的成功
不管起因如何，
家长必须自己解决问题。
家长不因该把希望寄托在
学校和其他的社会机构。
学校每天只与学生接触
六到七个小时。
这段时间一般由三到
八个教师来负责。
随着每年学生的升级，
大多数教区的教师也变换。
这些教师是根本不能给学
生提供亲密的支持来确保学
生
|
